What are the consequences of impedance mismatch between the antenna input impedance and the transmission line impedance?

The main consequences are signal reflection, power loss, degradation of communication quality, and potential device damage.

1. Reflected waves are generated. The superposition of incident and reflected waves forms standing waves, causing an increase in Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR).

2. Power transmission efficiency decreases, with part of the signal dissipated as heat or reflected back to the transmitter.

3. Antenna radiation performance is affected, leading to deviations in gain and radiation pattern, shorter communication distance, and reduced signal stability.

4. Reflected power may damage the transmitter’s power amplifier and other critical components, especially in high-frequency or high-power applications.

5. Signal distortion increases, resulting in spurious emissions and interference, which negatively impact signal demodulation at the receiver.

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